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Reference knowledge and terminology library for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer, including new biomarkers and functional metabolites, as well as the addition of a memory database. Internet search for terminology with 44/1000PDF translation and formatting retention. It is recommended to use document translation, AI translation, AI big model translation, ai_ advanced common AI big model translation, machine translation in general fields, academic paper machine translation, biopharmaceutical machine translation, information technology machine translation, financial and economic machine translation, news and information machine translation, aerospace machine translation, mechanical manufacturing machine translation, legal and regulatory machine translation, contract document machine translation, and humanities and social science certification enterprise edition to unlock AI flagship big models Cancer Cell | Integrating Plasma and Fecal Metabolomics to Identify Novel Biomarkers and Functional Metabolites for Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer 划译 Cancer Cell | Integrating Plasma and Fecal Metabolomics to Identify Novel Biomarkers and Functional Metabolites for Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer

2026-08-07研锦生物
Reference knowledge and terminology library for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer, including new biomarkers and functional metabolites, as well as the addition of a memory database. Internet search for terminology with 44/1000PDF translation and formatting retention. It is recommended to use document translation, AI translation, AI big model translation, ai_ advanced common AI big model translation, machine translation in general fields, academic paper machine translation, biopharmaceutical machine translation, information technology machine translation, financial and economic machine translation, news and information machine translation, aerospace machine translation, mechanical manufacturing machine translation, legal and regulatory machine translation, contract document machine translation, and humanities and social science certification enterprise edition to unlock AI flagship big models Cancer Cell | Integrating Plasma and Fecal Metabolomics to Identify Novel Biomarkers and Functional Metabolites for Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer  划译  Cancer Cell | Integrating Plasma and Fecal Metabolomics to Identify Novel Biomarkers and Functional Metabolites for Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer

Wuhan YanGeneBio— Drug Target Discovery & Nucleic Acid Drug CRO Services

Scientific Case Study: Bitopertin's Nrf2–Iron–Ornithine Axis in Osteoporosis (Cell Metabolism)

Company Overview

Wuhan YanGeneBio is an innovative CRO technical service company focused on drug target discovery and the design, modification, and synthesis of nucleic acid drugs (siRNA / ASO), as well as the screening of functional activity of nucleic acid drugs on organoids, cells, and animal models. It provides end-to-end solutions—from target discovery to mechanism validation—for new drug development, the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine, natural product research, and the development and translation of nucleic acid drugs.

We integrate the following core technologies to deliver high-precision compound target identification, binding-site analysis, affinity verification, and functional validation services to our clients:

  • Drug target fishing technologies: ABPP, TPP, Lip-MS, etc.
  • Drug–target interaction-site identification: crosslinking mass spectrometry, and Lip-MS combined with molecular docking.
  • Affinity detection platforms: SPR / MST / BLI / ITC / DSF.
  • High-throughput screening & detection platforms: protein microarrays, Olink multiplex assays, etc.
  • Nucleic acid drug design, synthesis, and organoid-based drug screening.

Introduction

Postmenopausal osteoporosis represents a major global health challenge facing the middle-aged and elderly population, with its core pathology lying in the excessive hyperactivity of osteoclast (骨吸收, bone-resorption) functionNrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), a key antioxidant transcription factor, has in recent years been found to act as a "brake" in bone metabolism regulation. However, existing Nrf2 activators (such as dimethyl fumarate, DMF) are difficult to apply safely in chronic diseases due to dose-limiting hepatotoxicity and adverse effects.

Recently, a team from Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, published a breakthrough study in the journal Cell Metabolism, revealing the complete molecular mechanism by which the clinical-stage candidate drug Bitopertin inhibits osteoclast differentiation through a novel Nrf2–iron–ornithine axis. This article provides an in-depth dissection of the scientific logic of this top-tier journal paper, from case analysis to methodological distillation.

Principles and Core Advantages of SPR Technology

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a real-time, label-free biomolecular interaction detection technology based on optical effects at the metal–dielectric interface, and is the recognized gold standard for the quantitative analysis of intermolecular binding kinetics. Its core principle is as follows: polarized light illuminates the gold/silver nanofilm on the chip surface at a specific angle, exciting free electrons to form surface plasmon waves; the reflected light intensity then drops sharply, creating a characteristic resonance angle. When ligand molecules immobilized on the film surface bind to analyte molecules flowing over them, the local refractive index changes slightly and the resonance angle shifts accordingly. The shift is converted into Response Units (RU; 1 RU ≈ 1 pg/mm² mass change), ultimately generating real-time binding–dissociation kinetic curves that precisely calculate the three core parameters: the association rate constant (ka), the dissociation rate constant (kd), and the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD = kd/ka).

Core Advantages

Compared with other biomolecular interaction technologies such as MST, ITC, and BLI, SPR offers three irreplaceable advantages:

  1. Label-free detection — requires no fluorescent or isotopic labeling, maximally preserving the natural conformation and biological activity of molecules and avoiding false positives caused by labeling.
  2. High kinetic detection precision — traces the entire dynamic process of molecular binding and dissociation, precisely distinguishing interaction characteristics such as "fast binding / fast dissociation" versus "slow binding / long-lasting action."
  3. Throughput and cost-effectiveness combined — regenerable sensor chips enable repeated detection, greatly reducing per-sample cost, while high throughput adapts to large-scale sample screening. Compared with traditional enzymatic assays and mass spectrometry, SPR achieves a correlation of >99% when measuring the kinetic parameters kinact/ki of covalent inhibitors, with a 3–5× improvement in detection efficiency.

Core Advantageous Experimental Application Scenarios of SPR

Leveraging its precision and versatility, SPR has become a core cross-disciplinary detection tool in biomedical research, covering key directions such as drug development, target validation, natural product screening, and membrane protein research. The core application scenarios are as follows:

  1. Quantitative analysis of biomolecular interactions — applicable to protein–protein, protein–small molecule, protein–nucleic acid, and antigen–antibody systems; precisely determines binding affinity and kinetic parameters, providing direct data support for mechanism studies of intermolecular interactions.
  2. Drug target validation and site mapping — directly validates candidate targets and, combined with site-directed mutagenesis, localizes the key binding amino acid residues between drug and target, providing a molecular basis for drug structure optimization.
  3. Screening of natural product active ingredients — from complex systems such as plant extracts and microbial metabolites, targets and screens active monomers that bind to the target protein, achieving an integrated "screen–validate–identify" workflow that greatly reduces the false-positive rate.
  4. Membrane protein interaction studies — through innovative strategies such as lipid nanodiscs and SpyTag/SpyCatcher covalent immobilization, it overcomes the technical bottleneck of membrane proteins being prone to inactivation and difficult to immobilize in vitro, enabling interaction detection of membrane protein targets such as GPCRs and ion channels.
  5. Covalent inhibitor kinetic characterization — rapidly determines the kinact/ki values of irreversible covalent inhibitors; compared with traditional enzymatic and mass spectrometry methods, detection time is shortened by 60% and cost is reduced by more than 70%.

II. Step-by-Step Dissection: The "Tightly Knit Logic" of Evidence-Based Research

To validate the above mechanism, the researchers designed cross-scale, multi-omics experiments, forming a complete "target – pathway – phenotype" evidence loop.

1. Target Confirmation: RNA-seq and Molecular Docking Lock onto Keap1

  • Technical approach: RNA-seq sequencing of the RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation model.
  • Experimental results: 302 significantly upregulated differentially expressed genes induced by Bitopertin were identified. KEGG analysis showed significant enrichment of the glutathione metabolism pathway. Subsequently, 10 hub genes (e.g., GclmHmox1) were screened out via the STRING database.
  • Target validation:
  • Molecular docking: Bitopertin forms hydrogen bonds with valine at positions 420 and 606 (V420/V606) and glycine at position 367 (G367) of the Keap1 protein.
  • SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance) analysis: the calculated dissociation constant KD = 0.723 μM confirmed strong binding affinity between the two, and the binding was reversible.
  • Co-IP and ubiquitination experiments: Bitopertin treatment significantly reduced the binding between Keap1 and Nrf2 and directly lowered the ubiquitination level of Nrf2, locking in the mechanism at the protein level.

2. Downstream Mechanism: Nrf2 Activates the Iron Efflux Protein Slc40a1

  • Technical approach: Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-/-) mouse model, ChIP-qPCR (chromatin immunoprecipitation), and dual-luciferase reporter assay.
  • Experimental results:
  • In Nrf2-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), Slc40a1 was the most significantly downregulated gene. Slc40a1 encodes ferroportin, the only known intracellular iron efflux channel.
  • ChIP-qPCR and dual-luciferase reporter assays further verified that Nrf2 can directly bind to the -1648 to -1658 bp region of the SLC40A1 promoter.
  • Functional level: Bitopertin significantly increased iron efflux efficiency and reduced intracellular iron levels in wild-type cells, but this effect disappeared in Nrf2-/- cells.

3. Metabolic Transformation: Iron Levels Regulate Odc1 and Ornithine Metabolism

  • Technical approach: untargeted metabolomics analysis.
  • Experimental results:
  • Iron overload or Nrf2 knockout led to a sharp decline in intracellular ornithine levels in osteoclasts, while the polyamine metabolite spermidine increased.
  • Mechanistic studies showed that iron level changes directly affect the expression of Odc1 (ornithine decarboxylase 1). Nrf2-activation-mediated iron efflux inhibits Odc1 activity, raising ornithine levels and thereby suppressing osteoclast differentiation.
  • Reverse validation: treatment of Nrf2-/- mice with the iron chelator DFO (deferoxamine) restored ornithine levels and effectively inhibited osteoclast differentiation.

III. Advantages and Cases: Multi-Dimensional Efficacy and Clinical Translation Evidence

Case 1: Bone-Protective Effect of Bitopertin (In Vivo Experiment)

In the classic ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis mouse model, Bitopertin was administered orally at low (6 mg/kg) and high (30 mg/kg) doses. Micro-CT (micro-computed tomography) results showed that Bitopertin significantly increased trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) in mouse femurs, while reducing trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), demonstrating a significant anti-bone-loss effect.

Advantage Comparison: Safer than Comparable Nrf2 Activators

This is a major highlight of the study. Compared with traditional Nrf2 activators such as DMN and OMA, mice in the Bitopertin group showed no significant decrease in average body weight, no significant elevation in serum transaminases (ALT and AST), and no pathological abnormalities in liver, kidney, or heart tissues. In a review of large-scale clinical trial data, the incidence of adverse events associated with DMF, OMA, or Bardoxolone was significantly higher than that of Bitopertin. This gives Bitopertin excellent drug development prospects as a safe novel Nrf2 activator candidate.

Case 2: Translational Validation from a Large Clinical Cohort

The researchers analyzed genetic data from the UK Biobank. They found that individuals carrying the rs1799945 G allele (associated with iron overload) had significantly reduced bone mineral density (BMD T-score).

Furthermore, through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of bone tissue from osteoporosis patients, the researchers found that the proportion of NFE2L2 and SLC40A1 double-positive cells among osteoclast precursors was significantly lower than in the healthy control group. The clinical data were highly consistent with the animal model results, constructing a solid evidence chain for clinical translation.

IV. Methodology Distillation: A Reusable Research Service Framework

Drawing on this high-quality top-journal paper, we distill its research path into the following "multi-dimensional targeted metabolism" technical paradigm:

  1. Target locking and interaction validation — use physical-chemical and biochemical approaches such as SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance), molecular docking, and Co-IP to confirm direct drug–target binding.
  2. Downstream pathway and omics mining — use RNA-seq to screen target genes, combined with KEGG/GSVA enrichment analysis to find enriched pathways.
  3. Precise metabolic intervention — combine metabolomics to find the association nodes of "gene regulation – metabolite accumulation," and perform metabolic rescue experiments using metal chelators (DFO) and metabolic inhibitors (eflornithine, an Odc1 inhibitor).
  4. Clinical and genetic association — use large public databases such as UK Biobank for epidemiological investigation of genetic variation and disease risk, combined with single-cell transcriptomics (scRNA-seq) for target validation at the level of human tissue.

V. Key Technology Interpretation and Literature Index

[Summary of Key Technical Points]

This study relies heavily on multi-omics integration and phenotypic rescue experiments. The single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) involved in the article successfully localized the aberrant expression of key targets in osteoclast precursor cells; metabolomics successfully captured the shift in the "iron ion – ornithine – spermidine" metabolic flow; and molecular docking and SPR technology provided indisputable direct evidence for the physicochemical binding of the drug. This "dry–wet integration" (computational–experimental integration) research approach is a benchmark for future drug mechanism studies.

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